Which organelle breaks down glucose to provide energy to the cell?

The mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they play a crucial role in energy production. They function by breaking down glucose through a series of biochemical reactions known as cellular respiration. During this process, glucose (along with oxygen) is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy currency of the cell. This transformation not only supplies energy but also produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

The mitochondria are specifically adapted for this role, containing their own DNA and a double membrane structure that facilitates the biochemical processes required for ATP production. The inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae, which increases the surface area for the reactions to occur, optimizing energy production.

In contrast, the other organelles mentioned have different functions. Ribosomes are primarily involved in protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids, and the nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and oversees cellular activities, but it does not play a direct role in energy production.