What happens to molecules during convection when they are heated?

When molecules are heated during convection, they gain energy, which causes them to move more vigorously. This increase in kinetic energy results in the expansion of the molecules, making them less dense compared to the surrounding cooler molecules. As a result, these warmer, less dense molecules rise. This behavior is fundamental to the process of convection, which is a mode of heat transfer along with conduction and radiation.

In a convection current, as the warm air or liquid rises, it creates a void that is filled by cooler, denser molecules that sink to take their place. This continuous cycle of rising warm molecules and sinking cooler molecules is what drives convection, resulting in the efficient transfer of heat within fluids. This explanation emphasizes how the physical properties of molecules change as they are heated, leading to their movement within a medium.